Over 4000 free audio and video lectures, seminars and teaching resources from Oxford University.
Skip to Content Skip to Navigation

refugees

# Episode Title Description People Date
1 Creative Commons An Adaptive Targeted Field Experiment: Job Search Assistance for Refugees in Jordan How can different kinds of policy help refugees and other displaced populations find work? This project focuses on three interventions designed to improve formal employment outcomes for Syrian refugees and local jobseekers in Jordan. Stefano Caria, Max Kasy, Simon Quinn 22 Feb 2024
2 Protecting mental health in crisis contexts Professor Lennox is joined by Benjamin Perks from UNICEF, Sabine Rakotomalala, from the World Health Organization and researchers from Oxford’s Department of Social Policy and Intervention, to discuss protecting mental health in crisis contexts. Belinda Lennox, Benjamin Perks, Sabine Rakotomalala, Jamie Lachman 11 Sep 2023
3 The Duke of Windsor's German tutor - Interview with Emma Huber Emma Huber, German subject librarian at Oxford's Taylorian Library, speaks to Joseph Quinn about the life and career of Professor H.G. Fiedler. Emma Huber, Joseph Quinn 02 Aug 2023
4 Creative Commons Expulsion as Statecraft: Histories of Violence from the Asian Expulsion of 1972 to the Banyarwanda Crisis of 1982 Alicia Decker (Penn State) as part of the Conference - Expulsion: Uganda’s Asians and the Remaking of Nationality Alicia Decker 27 Jun 2022
5 Creative Commons Insecurities of Expulsion: Race, Violence, Citizenship and Afro-Asian Entanglements in Transregional Uganda Anneeth Kaur Hundle (UC Irvine) as part of the Conference - Expulsion: Uganda’s Asians and the Remaking of Nationality Anneeth Kaur Hundle 27 Jun 2022
6 Creative Commons Don't call yourselves Asian! Uganda's Indians and the problem of naming Taushif Kara (Cambridge) as part of the Conference - Expulsion: Uganda’s Asians and the Remaking of Nationality Taushif Kara 27 Jun 2022
7 Creative Commons Making Victory Visible in Idi Amin's Uganda Derek Peterson (Michigan) as part of the Conference - Expulsion: Uganda’s Asians and the Remaking of Nationality Derek Peterson 27 Jun 2022
8 Creative Commons Afrocentrism and the Indian Question: A Continental Reckoning with the Ugandan Expulsion Shobana Shanker (Stonybrook) as part of the Conference - Expulsion: Uganda’s Asians and the Remaking of Nationality Shobana Shanker 27 Jun 2022
9 Developments in Jordan An explanation and discussion of the modern history and recent political developments in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Piotr Schulkes, Guy Fiennes, Matthew Smith 20 Apr 2022
10 Leaving Ukraine We discuss the war on Ukraine and the almost unprecedented speed and size of the movement of people fleeing the country. We discuss the displacement taking place, how refugees are being received in Europe, and the impact this will have on post-EU Britain. Roxana Barbulescu, Emma Rimpiläinen, Volodymyr Artiukh, Rob McNeil 23 Mar 2022
11 The Recognition of a Right to be Rescued at Sea Professor Seline Trevisanut, Utrecht University, gives a talk for the Public International Law discussion group series. Seline Trevisanut 26 Feb 2021
12 Unpacking the Refugees-Terrorism Nexus Sara Polo, University of Essex, gives a talk for the Changing Character of War seminar series. Sara Polo 16 Apr 2020
13 Refugee Studies Centre: Book launch - Palestinian Refugees in International Law Book launch for the new book Palestinian Refugees in International Law by Lex Takkenberg and Francesca Albanese. Lex Takkenberg, Francesca Albanese 02 Apr 2020
14 Knowledge Exchange Showcase - Refugee Heritage: the Archaeology of the Calais 'Jungle' Sarah Mallet School of Archaeology and Louise Fowler Museum of London Archaeology give a talk for the Knowledge Exchange Showcase on their research on the Calais migrant camp known as the Jungle. Sarah Mallet, Louise Fowler 15 Jul 2019
15 Episode 8: Death Leaves Signs This episode, the final one of this season, features the work of Palestinian poet Yousif M. Qasmiyeh, author-in-residence at Refugee Hosts. Yousif M. Qasmiyeh, Adriana X Jacobs 14 Jun 2019
16 Creative Commons 'God knows this is a chronic, protracted situation': The Myanmar military's war on IDPs in Kachin and northern Shan states David Baulk, Mandy Sadan and Kai Htang Lashi speak at St Antony's College on 2 November 2017 David Baulk, Mandy Sadan, Kai Htang Lashi 28 Mar 2018
17 Creative Commons Galia Sabar: African Migration to Israel - Chronicle of a Failure Foretold The history and politics of African migration to Israel Galia Sabar, Yaacov Yadgar 21 Feb 2018
18 Creative Commons Nordic Nationalism and Penal Order: Walling the Welfare State All Souls Seminar, Centre for Criminology, Univeristy of Oxford, 18th January 2018. Vanessa Barker 31 Jan 2018
19 Book Colloquium: ‘Voting Rights of Refugees’ Ruvi Ziegler (Reading) discusses his new book with Kirsten McConnachie (Warwick), Matthew Gibney (Oxford), and Liora Lazarus (Oxford) at a joint OTJR/RMLDG event. Ruvi Ziegler, Kirsten McConnachie, Matthew Gibney, Liora Lazarus 20 Nov 2017
20 CSAE Conference 2017 - Interview with Philip Verwimp Plenary speaker Philip Verwimp provides a short overview of his talk at the CSAE Conference 2017 Philip Verwimp 28 Sep 2017
21 Migration, Memory and Identity Part of the Humanities & Identities Lunchtime Seminar Series Laura van Broekhoven, Elleke Boehmer, Karma Nabulsi, Gayle Lonergan 07 Jul 2017
22 Creative Commons David Miliband, President and CEO of the International Rescue Committee (Corpus Christi, 1984) David Miliband, President and CEO of the International Rescue Committee (Corpus Christi, 1984) David Miliband talks about the unprecedented global refugee crisis, its long-term characteristics and efforts to address the challenges ahead in this podcast. David Milliband 27 Feb 2017
23 Iraq Re:Coded: Durable Skills, Education and Livelihoods through Innovation and Technology’ This presentation introduces ‘Iraq Re:Code Ali Clare (New York University) and Frederic Kastner (Fuse Foundation) give a talk for the Innovative Approaches to Education and Skills Training in Humanitarian Contexts panel. Ali Clare, Frederic Kastner 02 Dec 2016
24 Refugee Co-Instructors: How Residents of Nakivale Refugee Settlement in Uganda are Teaching Students at the University of Denver to Bridge the Gap between Policy and Practice Courtney Welton-Mitchell (University of Denver), Chen Reis (University of Denver), and Frederic Kastner (Fuse Foundation) gives a talk for the Innovative Approaches to Education and Skills Training in Humanitarian Contexts Panel. Courtney Welton-Mitchell, Chen Reis, Frederic Kastner 02 Dec 2016
25 Energy for the Displaced part three Michael Keating and Glada Lahn (Chatham House) give a talk for the Energy for the Displaced panel. Michael Keating, Glada Lahn 02 Dec 2016
26 Energy for the Displaced part two Ben Good (GVEP International) gives a talk for the Energy for the Displaced panel. Ben Good 02 Dec 2016
27 Energy for the Displaced part one Christopher Baker-Brian (BBOXX) gives a talk for the Energy for the Displaced panel. Christopher Baker-Brian 02 Dec 2016
28 Creative Commons HIP2015, Session: Ethics for Technology and Big Data in Humanitarian Innovation Parallel session: Ethics for Technology and Big Data in Humanitarian Innovation 17 July 2015, 14:00-15:30, 1st Panel Room. Nathaniel Raymond, Stefan Voigt, Josh Lyons, Anaïs Rességuier 12 Jul 2016
29 Creative Commons HIP2015, Session: Community-based Food Production in Humanitarian Contexts Parallel session: Community-based Food Production in Humanitarian Contexts 18 July 2015, 13:45-15:15. Mikey Tomkins 12 Jul 2016
30 Creative Commons HIP2015, Session: Humanitarian Innovation: How to balance short-term results with long-term vision? Parallel session: Humanitarian Innovation: How to balance short-term results with long-term vision? 17 July 2015, 14:00-15:30. Marpe Tanaka, Kim Scriven, Pascal Daudin, Johan Karlsson 12 Jul 2016
31 Covering Syria and the Refugee Crisis Lindsey Hilsum, International Editor, Channel 4, gives a talk for the Business and Practice of Journalism Seminar Series. Introduction by Richard Sambrook. Lindsey Hilsum 20 May 2016
32 Creative Commons From Search to Exploration Barriers and opportunities in using oral history archives as data resources Jakub Mlynář 16 May 2016
33 Depicting the Pain of Others: Photography, Refugees and the Ethics of Seeing in the Aegean Shores George Giannakopoulos (Queen Mary, University of London) gives the second talk in the third panel; Crisis in the Frame. George Giannakopoulos 28 Apr 2016
34 The ‘refugee crisis’ as a neo-orientalist discourse Maria Kenti Kranidioti (University of Durham), gives the first talk in panel 3; Renegotiations from the 'outside': International Discourses and Diasporic Perspectives. Maria Kenti Kranidioti 26 Apr 2016
35 Migrant subjectivities and crisis narratives in the Euro-Mediterranean region Michael Collyer, University of Sussex, gives a talk for the COMPAS Hilary 2016 term Seminar Series entitled: Open the Way: Understanding the Refugee Crisis on 4th February 2016. Michael Collyer 22 Feb 2016
36 Creative Commons Geopolitics of Fear: South East Europe in a dangerous neighbourhood The seminar series addresses some of the acute problems affecting Europe, as seen especially from a South Eastern European perspective, and combine the thematic (refugee, economic and political crises) with the country specific approaches. David Madden, Richard Caplan, Neil MacFarlane, Othon Anastasakis 04 Feb 2016
37 Creative Commons Beyond the 'asylum-seeking market': spaces of responsibility and moments of care within the privatisation of asylum accommodation Jonathan Darling, University of Manchester, gives a talk for the COMPAS seminar series. Jonathan Dwyer 27 Jan 2016
38 FMR 51 - From the Editors Europe is experiencing the mass movements of displaced people in a way that it has largely been immune from for decades. Marion Couldrey, Maurice Herson 19 Dec 2015
39 FMR 51 - Foreword: Banking on mobility over a generation Europe need not renounce its freedom of movement: it should instead develop a better controlled mobility regime. It would then, in effect, much better control its borders. François Crépeau 19 Dec 2015
40 FMR 51 - Migrants, refugees, history and precedents There is much about earlier migration crises that today’s European policymakers might profitably recall. Colin Bundy 19 Dec 2015
41 FMR 51 - Refugee protection in Europe: time for a major overhaul? A number of myths surrounding refugee protection may obscure our understanding and complicate the search for solutions, but there are also clear and realistic possibilities for change in the EU’s body of law to enable better outcomes for states & refugees Maria Stavropoulou 19 Dec 2015
42 FMR 51 - Simplifying refugee status determination There is a persuasive case to be made for simplifying refugee status determination in the European Union. Kelly Staples 19 Dec 2015
43 FMR 51 - Arrivals on the island of Lesbos, summer 2015 Lesbos, population 85,000, received more than 85,000 refugees and migrants in 2015 up to the end of August. Fotini Rantsiou 19 Dec 2015
44 FMR 51 - It need not be like this Creating space for smugglers and failing to provide humanitarian assistance are European failures. Opening legal routes to Europe could deal with both. Cathryn Costello 19 Dec 2015
45 FMR 51 - The Mediterranean challenge within a world of humanitarian crises While the high number of migrants and refugees arriving in Europe in 2015 has increased pressures and tensions, this is not a crisis beyond the capability of Europe to manage together as a Union. William Lacy Swing 19 Dec 2015
46 FMR 51 - A network of camps on the way to Europe While makeshift camps, such as those that have proliferated around Europe, may form spaces of resourcefulness and agency which cannot be accommodated in state-run detention camps, none of these temporary spaces is a definitive solution. Irit Katz 19 Dec 2015
47 FMR 51 - Trickery in Dublin’s shadow Border practices at the Italy-Austria border are part of a wider trend of questionable practices used by EU Member States which render irrelevant both the Schengen Agreement and the Dublin Regulation. Marco Funk 19 Dec 2015
48 FMR 51 - Abuses at Europe’s borders Refugees and migrants have been regularly subjected to widespread rights violations by officials at some European borders. The EU needs to allow more legal avenues for people seeking protection to reach Europe safely. Duncan Breen 19 Dec 2015
49 FMR 51 - Melilla: mirage en route to Europe Among those who have reached Melilla, there seems to be no consensus as to whether they see themselves as being in transit in Europe or still in Africa. Frida Bjørneseth 19 Dec 2015
50 FMR 51 - Search and rescue in the central Mediterranean Although people are aware of the risks of the sea crossing, nothing can really prepare them for the experience. Hernan del Valle, Rabia Ben Ali, Will Turner 19 Dec 2015
51 FMR 51 - Safety, rescue at sea and legal access If it is to live up to its own values, the EU needs to step up search-and-rescue operations in the Mediterranean and open up legal means for access to protection in Europe in order to avoid the need for risky journeys across the Mediterranean. Stefan Kessler 19 Dec 2015
52 FMR 51 - Migrant arrivals and deaths in the Mediterranean: what do the data really tell us? The policy and media gaze focuses on numbers of migrant arrivals and deaths. There are problems in the data for both categories. Frank Laczko, Ann Singleton, Tara Brian, Marzia Rango 19 Dec 2015
53 FMR 51 - Irregular migration by sea Irregular migration by sea is not a solely Mediterranean phenomenon. N/A 19 Dec 2015
54 FMR 51 - Afghan and Somali (post-)conflict migration to the EU There are invisible drivers of migration for Afghans and Somalis to Europe, caused by decades of conflict. Although officially considered as ‘post-conflict’, the reality is very different. Nassim Majidi 19 Dec 2015
55 FMR 51 - Understanding why Eritreans go to Europe Why do Eritreans risk their lives on perilous journeys to Europe? Why they don’t stay in neighbouring countries where they could get safety and protection? Mogos O Brhane 19 Dec 2015
56 FMR 51 - No option but Europe Asylum seekers’ stories point to the need for effective protection for refugees and to facilitate greater opportunities to access it, both within Europe and beyond. Yotam Gidron, Olivia Bueno 19 Dec 2015
57 FMR 51 - Iraqi refugee households in Jordan: the active search for solutions For Iraqi refugees in Jordan the decision to leave for Europe is very much influenced by the experience of waiting in the region. Mirjam A Twigt 19 Dec 2015
58 FMR 51 - Tragedy on the way to Europe: a perspective from Africa As Europe grapples with the challenges of responding to the arival of large numbers of migrants, it is vital to keep in mind that the people involved have not left their homes and countries for no reason. Many of them would rather have stayed at home. J O Moses Okello 19 Dec 2015
59 FMR 51 - EU cooperation with third countries: rethinking concepts and investments Despite ‘externalising’ its immigration agenda, the EU has largely failed to develop a coherent and effective overall strategy, to the detriment of migrants and would-be asylum seekers. Elizabeth Collett 19 Dec 2015
60 FMR 51 - The road more travelled? Onward movement of asylum seekers and refugees The phenomenon of onward movement creates formidable challenges for states, asylum seekers and refugees, and the international protection system as a whole. Madeline Garlick 19 Dec 2015
61 FMR 51 - European Union readmission agreements The use of readmission agreements has prompted a debate on their compliance with international law, in particular the provisions on protection for refugees and asylum seekers. Mehdi Rais 19 Dec 2015
62 FMR 51 - A coast-guard officer’s perspective: reinforcing migration through legal channels Given that we cannot always rescue refugees or economic migrants in danger at the EU’s maritime borders, efforts are needed to reinforce legal channels for migration to Europe and to prevent refugees and migrants being exploited by criminal networks. Kostas Karagatsos 19 Dec 2015
63 FMR 51 - The extra-territorial processing of asylum claims Calls for the creation of asylum processing centres outside the EU are being renewed. But significant objections and obstacles remain. Sarah Léonard, Christian Kaunert 19 Dec 2015
64 FMR 51 - Refugees in Serbia: on the way to a better life More than 450,000 people passed through Serbia from the beginning of 2015 until the middle of November. However, even in 2014 the numbers were large, and growing. Maša Vukčević, Jelena Momirović, Danka Purić 19 Dec 2015
65 FMR 51 - Passing through Greece The eagerness of refugees and migrants to leave Greece and travel to other European countries is quite evident. Marco Mogiani 19 Dec 2015
66 FMR 51 - Bulgaria’s struggle at the frontline Bulgaria has struggled to deal appropriately with mass irregular migration. It has also failed to address integration. Eleanor E Roberts 19 Dec 2015
67 FMR 51 - Protecting asylum seekers in mixed flows: lessons from Bulgaria In the context of a large number of arrivals, states may introduce blanket measures aimed at preventing irregular migration. These, however, may curtail the rights of asylum seekers. Mariya Shisheva 19 Dec 2015
68 FMR 51 - Envisioning a Common European Asylum System A bolder approach is needed if the European Union is to overcome fragmentation and manage refugee movements effectively and in accordance with international obligations. Volker Türk 19 Dec 2015
69 FMR 51 - Are asylum and immigration really a European Union issue? Attempts to find an EU-wide solution to asylum may be preventing the finding of workable solutions at the bi-lateral or national level. Joanne van Selm 19 Dec 2015
70 FMR 51 - Social protection: a fourth durable solution? Although asylum seekers and refugees in Europe and in Latin America are very different in terms of numbers, a solution being implemented by Brazil and Ecuador may show the European Union a way forward on sharing the responsibility within a regional bloc. Carolina Montenegro 19 Dec 2015
71 FMR 51 - In search of fairness in responsibility sharing The cycle of mutual mistrust between EU Member States that prevents solidarity can only be broken if responsibility is assessed fairly on the basis of objective indicators. Philippe De Bruycker, Evangelia (Lilian) Tsourdi 19 Dec 2015
72 FMR 51 - Volunteers and asylum seekers People in communities where asylum seekers and refugees have appeared offered various forms of support to the new arrivals as states failed to provide even the essentials. Serhat Karakayali, J Olaf Kleist 19 Dec 2015
73 FMR 51 - A welcoming policy in post-socialist East Germany Apparently, East European countries are less willing to accept refugees than other European countries. Their experience of ethnic and cultural diversity is weak and a genuine welcome has still to be developed. Anna Steigemann, Frank Eckardt, Franziska Werner 19 Dec 2015
74 FMR 51 - Migration terminology matters Failure to employ correct terminology has consequences beyond semantics. More efforts are needed to educate people – especially those whose words are widely disseminated – in the correct use of migration-related terminology. Paola Pace, Kristi Severance 19 Dec 2015
75 FMR 51 - Separated and unaccompanied children in the EU A growing body of EU law, policy and practical measures address the situation of separated and unaccompanied children who arrive in the EU. Rebecca O’Donnell, Jyothi Kanics 19 Dec 2015
76 FMR 51 - Ukrainian asylum seekers and a Polish immigration paradox The recognition rate for Ukrainian asylum seekers in Poland remains at an extremely low level, with the concept of ‘internal flight alternative’ serving as the legal basis for rejection of many asylum applications. Marta Szczepanik, Ewelina Tylec 19 Dec 2015
77 FMR 51 - Removing ‘non-removables’ EU law and policy on non-removable irregular immigrants – such as unsuccessful asylum seekers who cannot be returned to their country of origin – have political and humanitarian consequences. Katharine T Weatherhead 19 Dec 2015
78 FMR 51 - Europe, don’t copy Australia Praise for Australia’s policy of turning away asylum seekers is misguided. Keeya-Lee Ayre 19 Dec 2015
79 FMR 51 - Europe and the future of international refugee policy There is new thinking – that European leaders should embrace – on how to promote long-term responses to the Syrian refugee crisis that protect and uphold human dignity. El Hassan bin Talal 19 Dec 2015
80 FMR 51 - Choice and preference in a matching market for refugees We propose a system that will at the same time give refugees choices and states control by ‘matching’ the preferences of each to the other’s. Will Jones, Alexander Teytelboym 19 Dec 2015
81 FMR 51 - Legal and practical issues raised by the movement of people across the Mediterranean States must deal with each other on a basis of equity and equality, rather than outmoded and unrealistic expectations of sovereign entitlement Guy S Goodwin-Gill 19 Dec 2015
82 FMR 51 - From Syria to Brazil Precisely because of the difficulties Syrians face in entering the EU, Brazil has opened up to them. Marília Calegari, Rosana Baeninger 19 Dec 2015
83 FMR 51 General - Economic reintegration of returnees in Liberia Since the early 2000s, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization has been implementing economic recovery programmes for returnees in certain post-conflict countries. Naohiko Omata, Noriko Takahashi 15 Dec 2015
84 FMR 51 General - Thirty years of development-induced displacement in China To accelerate the process of poverty reduction in its poorer regions, China decided in 2001 to implement a national programme of displacement of populations living in areas considered environmentally fragile. François Dubé 15 Dec 2015
85 FMR 51 General - Refugee Status Determination in Albania There are some shortcomings in Albania’s RSD despite the country’s efforts to develop its procedures in line with international standards. Xymena Dyduch 15 Dec 2015
86 FMR 51 General - The face of refugees Personal contact with refugees helps us not only to see the people behind the need but also to better understand the obstacles they face. Jesus Quintanilla Osorio 15 Dec 2015
87 FMR 51 General - Challenges to the right to work in Ecuador The right to work is important for refugees and asylum seekers – to support themselves, to facilitate local integration and to contribute to the host society. However, they often face obstacles in accessing work in host societies... Adeline Sozanski, Karina Sarmiento, Carlos Reyes 15 Dec 2015
88 Creative Commons The Aftermath of World War II and the New Political Geography of Europe Modern European History Professor Paul Betts reflects on the legacy of World War II and its relevance to conflicts and crises today. Paul Betts, Félix Krawatzek 25 Oct 2015
89 Creative Commons Migration, Protection and Reception: The 'crisis' in the Mediterranean How Europe's external border controls that limit and monitor the entry of non-Europeans relates to the reception of migrants in the European Union Brad Blitz, Othon Anastasakis 25 Oct 2015
90 Creative Commons The future of Africa at the Oxford Literary Festival 2015 Three authors with recent books on Africa discuss the future of the continent and answer questions from the audience under the watchful eye of the director of the Oxford Martin School, Professor Ian Goldin. Martin Meredith, Jonny Steinberg, Tom Burgis 18 Aug 2015
91 Creative Commons Refugees – what’s wrong with history? Peter Gatrell gives a talk for the Refugee Studies Centre podcast series. Peter Gatrell 23 Jun 2015
92 UNHCR's protection guidelines: what role for external voices? Guy Goodwin-Gill gives a talk for the Refugee Studies Centre podcast series. Guy Goodwin-Gill 23 Jun 2015
93 Understanding global refugee policy: the case of naturalisation in Tanzania Dr James Milner gives a talk for the Refugee Studies Centre seminar series. James Milner 23 Jun 2015
94 Creative Commons Global policy for IDPs: a parallel process? Dr Phil Orchard gives a talk for the Refugee Studies Centre podcast series. Phil Orchard 23 Jun 2015
95 Creative Commons Exile, refuge and the Greek polis: between justice and humanity Seminar given on 18 February 2015 by Dr Benjamin Gray (University of Edinburgh), part of the RSC Hilary term 2015 Public Seminar Series Benjamin Gray 23 Feb 2015
96 Creative Commons Refuge and protection in the late Ottoman Empire Seminar given on 28 January 2015 by Professor Dawn Chatty (RSC), part of the RSC Hilary term 2015 Public Seminar Series Dawn Chatty 23 Feb 2015
97 Creative Commons Refugees and the Roman Empire Seminar given on 21 January 2015 by Professor Peter Heather (King's College London), part of the RSC Hilary term 2015 Public Seminar Series Peter Heather 26 Jan 2015
98 Creative Commons FMR Innovation and Refugees - Humanitarian innovation, humanitarian renewal? The continued evolution of the humanitarian innovation concept needs a critical engagement with how this agenda interacts with previous and contemporary attempts to improve humanitarian action. Kristin Bergtora Sandvik 12 Jan 2015
99 Creative Commons FMR Innovation and Refugees - Innovation and new ways of working across sectors Humanitarian actors will have to adapt to a changing world but it will not be easy or straightforward. Operations are changing as a result of innovations which bring many improvements but also throw up challenges. Erik Abild 12 Jan 2015
100 Creative Commons FMR Innovation and Refugees - Innovation for equity in Lebanon Innovative approaches in Lebanon aim to address, in two very different ways, the particular needs of the most vulnerable among the refugee and host populations. Luciano Calestini 12 Jan 2015