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Uehiro Oxford Institute

A selection of seminars and special lectures on wide-ranging topics relating to practical ethics brought to you by the Uehiro Oxford Institute.

# Episode Title Description People Date
141 The Vagueness of Demandingness Objections A St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, recorded at St Cross College, Oxford in February 2024. Marcel van Ackeren 28 Mar 2024
140 Morality and Personality Professor Predrag uses a comparison of money and morality to explore the mutual relationship between morality and personality. Predrag Cicovacki 09 Nov 2023
139 Creative Commons Is AI bad for democracy? Analyzing AI’s impact on epistemic agency Professor Mark Coeckelbergh considers whether AI poses a risk for democracy n this St Cross Special Ethics Seminar Mark Coeckelbergh 13 Mar 2023
138 Creative Commons Shallow Cognizing for Self-Control over Emotion & Desire In the first St Cross Special Ethics Seminar of 2023, Dr Larry Lengbeyer explores 'shallow cognizing' as a form of self-control Lawrence Lengbeyer 02 Feb 2023
137 Creative Commons The Moral Machine Experiment In this St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Dr Edmond Awad discusses his project, the Moral Machine, an internet-based game exploring the ethical dilemmas faced by driverless cars. Edmond Awad 09 Nov 2022
136 Hope in Healthcare In this St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Professor Stephen Clarke the role of hope in patients undergoing major healthcare procedures, and how it relates to decision-making in situations of risk and uncertainty. Stephen Clarke 20 Jun 2022
135 Creative Commons Against Legalizing Female 'Circumcision' of Minors In this St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Dr Brian Earp argues that all medically unnecessary genital cutting of non-consenting persons should be opposed on moral and legal grounds. Brian D. Earp 16 May 2022
134 Vaccine policies and challenge trials: the ethics of relative risk in public health In this St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Dr Sarah Chan outlines some risks arising from the deliberate infection of human participants to infectious agents for research purposes Sarah Chan 24 Nov 2021
133 Do We Need Mental Privacy? The Ethics of Mind Reading Reloaded Marcello Ienca discusses moral and legal issues surrounding the decoding – ‘mind reading’ - of brain activity Marcello Ienca 22 Nov 2021
132 Waiver or understanding? A dilemma for autonomists about informed consent Professor Gopal Sreenivasan delivers a New St Cross Special Ethics Seminar on the topic of Informed Consent. Gopal Sreenivasan 08 Jun 2021
131 Fighting diseases of poverty through research: Deadly dilemmas, moral distress and misplaced responsibilities A New St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, with Professor Maureen Kelley. Maureen Kelley 24 May 2021
130 Towards a plasticity of the mind – New-ish ethical conundrums in dementia care, treatment, and research A New St Cross Special Ethics Seminar with Dr David M Lyreskog. David M Lyreskog 01 Mar 2021
129 The Neuroscience of a Life Well-Lived Professor Morten L. Kringlebach explains how recent advances in neuroimaging offer an insight into hedonia and eudaimonia, and draws out implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Morten L. Kringelbach 27 Jan 2021
128 Creative Commons Affect, Value and Problems Assessing Decision-Making Capacity MT20 New St Cross Special Ethics Seminar with Assoc. Professor Jennifer Hawkins Jennifer Hawkins 23 Nov 2020
127 Conscience Rights or Conscience Wrongs?: Debating conscientious objection in healthcare Alberto Giubilini and David Jones trade views and argue each other's position on conscientious objection in healthcare Alberto Giubilini, David Jones 14 Oct 2020
126 Choosing Now for Later: Precedent Autonomy and Problem of Surrogate Decision-Making After Severe Brain Injury Recording of the New St Cross Special Ethics Seminar on surrogate decision-making after severe brain injury. Mackenzie Graham, Doug McConnell 19 Jun 2020
125 Creative Commons Medically Assisted Dying in Canada: from where we’ve come; to where we’re heading In this New St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Professor Arthur Schafer outlines the current contours of the Canadian euthanasia debate. Arthur Schafer 11 May 2020
124 Why is mental healthcare so ethically confusing? Clinicians and institutions from an anthropological perspective In this talk, Neil Armstrong uses ethnographic material of NHS mental healthcare to raise some questions about autonomy, risk and personal and institutional responsibility. Neil Armstrong 17 Feb 2020
123 Creative Commons Hornless Cattle - is Gene Editing the Best Solution? In this talk, Prof. Peter Sandøe argues that, from an ethical viewpoint, gene editing is the best solution to produce hornless cattle. There are, however, regulatory hurdles. Peter Sandøe 02 Dec 2019
122 Creative Commons Blockchain, consent and prosent for medical research Respecting patients' autonomy is increasingly important in the digital age, yet researchers have raised concerns over the barriers of access to medical data useful for data-driven medical research. Sebastian Porsdam Mann 13 Nov 2019
121 Creative Commons Genetic Selection and Enhancement Professor Julian Savulescu and Dr Katrien Devolder discuss the use of genetic testing to select which children to bring into the world. Julian Savulescu, Katrien Devolder 04 Nov 2019
120 From Eugenics to Human Gene Editing: Engineering Life in China in a Global Context In November 2018, a Chinese scientist announced the birth of the world’s first gene-edited babies and sparked outrage across the world. Professor Nie considers how China's complex socio-ethical approach paved the way for this controversial experiment. Jing-Bao Nie 07 Oct 2019
119 Creative Commons Freedom of Political Communication, Propaganda and the Role of Epistemic Institutions in Cyberspace Professor Seumas Miller defines fake news, hate speech and propaganda, discusses the relationship between social media and political propaganda. Seumas Miller 20 Jun 2019
118 One Minute in Haditha: Neuroscience, Emotion and Military Ethics In this special lecture, Professor Mitt Regan discusses the latest research in moral perception and judgment, and the potential implications of this research for ethics education in general and military ethics training in particular. Mitt Regan 19 Jun 2019
117 Creative Commons Religion, War and Terrorism In this New St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Professor Tony Coady argues that religion does not have an inherent tendency towards violence, including particularly war and terrorism. Professor Tony Coady 01 May 2019
116 Creative Commons The Ethics of Stress, Resilience, and Moral Injury Among Police and Military Personnel Professor Seumas Miller sets out how the use of lethal and coercive forces may erode moral character and cause moral injury. Seumas Miller 26 Mar 2019
115 Is there a Moral Problem with the Gig Economy? Is 'gig work' exploitative and injust? In this New St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Daniel Halliday examines the common concerns from an ethical perspective. Daniel Halliday 04 Mar 2019
114 Creative Commons The Salvation Agenda: The Politics of Medical Humanitarianism During Zimbabwe's Cholera Outbreak 2008/09 In this New St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Simukai Chigudu examines the humanitarian politics of responding to the most catastrophic cholera outbreak in African history. Simukai Chigudu 12 Feb 2019
113 Political Bioethics How should members of a liberal democratic political community, open to value pluralism, decide bioethical issues that generate deep disagreement? Benjamin Gregg 06 Nov 2018
112 Global Legal Epidemiology: Developing a Science Around Whether, When and How International Law Can Address Global Challenges Professor Steven Hoffman discusses legal mechanisms available for coordinating international responses to transnational problems, their prospects, and their challenges. Steven J Hoffman 23 Oct 2018
111 Fake News and the Politics of Truth Fake news spread online is a clear danger to democratic politics. One aspect of that danger is obvious: it spreads misinformation. But other aspects, less often discussed, is that it also spreads confusion and undermines trust. Michael Lynch 08 Oct 2018
110 Minds Without Spines: Toward a More Comprehensive Animal Ethics In this OUC-WEH Joint Seminar, Irina Mikhalevich argues that the moral status of invertebrate animals is often overlooked, and sets out why animal ethics should be more inclusive and comprehensive. Irina Mikhalevich 19 Jun 2018
109 Rethinking 'Disease': A Fresh Diagnosis and a New Philosophical Treatment In this OUC-WEH Joint Seminar, Russell Powell explores the concept of 'disease' Russell Powell 19 Jun 2018
108 Cost-benefit analysis In this special lecture, Professor Matt Adler argues that social welfare function is a better methodology than cost-benefit analysis. Professor Matthew Adler 11 Jun 2018
107 Sleep softly: Ethics, Schubert and the value of dying well An inter-disciplinary collaboration on music, mortality and ethics. Dominic Wilkinson 08 Jun 2018
106 The Future of Mobility: How and why will we transport ourselves in the next decades Digitisation has entered the mobility arena. The car has evolved from a mechanical device into a “data producing embedded software platform”, and the internet is quickly linking the supply and demand to effectively fulfil our transport needs. Carlo van de Weijer 21 May 2018
105 Brain-machine interfaces and the translation of thought into action In this St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Dr Tom Buller reflects on the causal relationship between movement goals and bodily awareness and challenges the idea that BMI-enabled movement and intentional bodily movement are equal actions. Tom Buller 19 Feb 2018
104 Creative Commons Collective inaction and group-based ignorance In this St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Anne Schwenkebecher discusses morally wrongful collective inaction and the problem of group-based ignorance. Anne Schwekenbecher 06 Feb 2018
103 Sacred Values and the Sanctity of Life OUC-Ethox Seminar. Steve Clarke discusses Ronald Dworkin's account of sacred values in his work 'Life's Dominion' and furthers the argument that the assertion 'life is sacred' is tenable by both liberals and conservatives. Steve Clarke 13 Nov 2017
102 On Moral Experts A St Cross Special Ethics Seminar. Professor John-Stewart Gordon focusses on the question of whether moral experts must follow their own expert advice in order to remain experts. John-Stewart Gordon 13 Nov 2017
101 Double Seminar on Biomedical Technology and Moral Bioenhancement In this double seminar, Erasmus visitors Laurentiu Staicu and Emanuel-Mihail Socaciua discuss the rise of biomedical technology and some of the legal issues of moral bioenhancement Laurentiu Staicu, Emanuel-Mihail Socaciua 05 Jul 2017
100 Aiming for Moral Mediocrity In this talk, Eric Schwitzgebel considers whether it's acceptable to aim for peer-relative mediocrity. Eric Schwitzgebel 29 Jun 2017
99 Creative Commons Solving the Replication Crisis in Psychology: Insights from History and Philosophy of Science In this episode, Brian Earp discusses the 'Reproducibility Project' and questions whether psychology is in crisis or not. Brian Earp 27 Jun 2017
98 Murder or a Legitimate Medical Procedure: the Withdrawal of Artificial Nutrition & Fluids from a Patient in a Persistent Vegetative Condition In this talk, Professor John Paris asks "What is the historical meaning of "ordinary means" to sustain human life? And what has been the understanding for over 500 years of Catholic moral analysis of the obligation to sustain life?" Fr. John Paris 06 Jun 2017
97 Autism and Moral Responsibility: Executive Function and the Reactive Attitudes Professor Richman's talk combines differing theories of models of autism and moral responsibility, and explores the practical implications arising from these ideas. Kenneth Richman 08 Mar 2017
96 The Neuroscience of Moral Agency (Or: How I Learned to Love Determinism and Still Respect Myself in the Morning) In this public lecture, Dr William Casebeer discusses neuroscience, human agency and free will. William Casebeer 23 Feb 2017
95 Implicit Bias and Racism Paper presented by Neil Levy at the MT16 Oxford-Valencia Neuroethics Workshop. Neil Levy 23 Nov 2016
94 The Contribution of Neuroethics for Responsible Management Education Paper presented by José Félix Lozano Aguilar at the MT16 Oxford-Valencia Neuroethics Workshop. José Félix Lozano Aguilar 23 Nov 2016
93 Neurointerventions to Prevent Crime and the Problem of Unjustified Incarceration Paper presented by Katrien Devolder at the MT16 Oxford-Valencia Neuroethics Workshop. Katrien Devolder 23 Nov 2016
92 The New Problem of Personal Force in Morality Paper presented by Emilian Mihailov at the MT16 Oxford-Valencia Neuroethics Workshop. Emilian Mihailov 23 Nov 2016
91 Can we Dissociate Reason from Feelings? Ten Critical Philosophical Questions to Greene's Dual Process Theory Paper presented by Javier Gracia and Andrés Richard at the MT16 Oxford-Valencia Neuroethics Workshop. Javier Gracia, Andrés Richard 23 Nov 2016
90 Moral Reasoning is Not Like a Dog's Tail: A Critical Analysis of Social Intuitionism's Two Illusions of Moral Deliberation Paper presented Pedro Jesús Pérez Zafrilla the MT16 Oxford-Valencia Neuroethics Workshop. Pedro Jesús Pérez Zafrilla 23 Nov 2016
89 Homo reciprocans from Neuroscience: a limited reciprocity. A criticism from neuroethics Paper presented by Elsa González Esteban at the MT16 Oxford-Valencia Neuroethics Workshop. Elsa González Esteban 23 Nov 2016
88 No pain, no praise: motivational enhancement and the meaning of life Paper presented by Julian Savulescu at the MT16 Oxford-Valencia Neuroethics Workshop. Julian Savulescu 23 Nov 2016
87 Uehiro-Carnegie-Oxford Lecture in Practical Ethics 2016 Human Rights, Global Ethics and the Ordinary Virtues Michael Ignatieff 23 Nov 2016
86 2016 Annual Uehiro Lecture 3: Foundation for Frogs Professor Shelly Kagan delivers the final of three Annual Uehiro Lectures in Practical Ethics, ‘How to Count Animals, More or Less’ Shelly Kagan 23 Nov 2016
85 2016 Annual Uehiro Lecture 2: Deontology for Dogs Professor Shelly Kagan delivers the second of three Annual Uehiro Lectures in Practical Ethics, ‘How to Count Animals, More or Less’ Shelly Kagan 23 Nov 2016
84 2016 Annual Uehiro Lecture 1: Consequentialism for Cows Professor Shelly Kagan delivers the first of three Annual Uehiro Lectures in Practical Ethics, ‘How to Count Animals, More or Less’ Shelly Kagan 23 Nov 2016
83 What if Kant were a designer? Constantin Vică presents work in the MT16 Oxford-Bucharest Work in Progress Workshop Constantin Vică 22 Nov 2016
82 Designing for conviviality Cristina Voinea presents work at the MT16 Oxford-Bucharest Work in Progress Workshop. Cristina Voinea 22 Nov 2016
81 Parfitian Survival and Punishing Crimes from the Distant Past Tom Douglas' presentation at the MT16 Oxford- Bucharest Work in Progress Workshop Tom Douglas 22 Nov 2016
80 St Cross Seminar: The role of therapeutic optimism in recruitment to a clinical trial: an empirical study In this St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Dr Nina Hallowell discusses the importance of therapeutic optimism in clinical research. Nina Hallowell 16 May 2016
79 St Cross Seminar: Cognitive Enhancement: Defending the Parity Principle In this episode, Professor Neil Levy assesses objections to cognitive enhancement and argues that the means don't matter from a moral perspective: what matters is how the intervention affects cognition. Neil Levy 17 Mar 2016
78 Creative Commons Leverhulme Lecture 2: Moral Responsibility and Implicit Bias The second of the two 2016 Leverhulme Lectures by Professor Neil Levy on the topic of implicit bias Neil Levy 23 Feb 2016
77 Creative Commons Leverhulme Lecture 1: The Nature and the Significance of Implicit Bias The first of the two 2016 Leverhulme Lectures by Professor Neil Levy on the topic of implicit bias Neil Levy 23 Feb 2016
76 2015 Uehiro Lectures: Temporal Parochialism and Its Discontents The first of the three 2015 Annual Uehiro Lectures 'Why Worry About Future Generations'. Why should we care about what happens to human beings in the future, after we ourselves are long gone? Samuel Scheffler 02 Feb 2016
75 St Cross Seminar: Governing life: is it wrong to intervene in biological processes? In this seminar we explore why human interventions such as euthanasia or use of biotechnologies are controversial. Virginie Tournay 01 Feb 2016
74 2015 Uehiro Lectures: Conservatism, Temporal Bias, and Future Generations The last of the three 2015 Annual Uehiro Lectures 'Why Worry About Future Generations'. Why should we care about what happens to human beings in the future, after we ourselves are long gone? Samuel Scheffler 01 Feb 2016
73 2015 Uehiro Lectures: Reasons to Worry The second of the three 2015 Annual Uehiro Lectures 'Why Worry About Future Generations'. Why should we care about what happens to human beings in the future, after we ourselves are long gone? Samuel Scheffler 01 Feb 2016
72 St Cross Seminar: Justifications for Non-Consensual Medical Intervention: From Infectious Disease Control to Criminal Rehabilitation Dr Jonathan Pugh discusses the morally permissibility of non-consensual medical interventions. Jonathan Pugh 18 Nov 2015
71 Creative Commons Moral Conformity Sinnott-Armstrong is the Chauncey Stillman Professor of Ethics at Duke University. Walter Sinnott-Armstrong 14 Jul 2015
70 St Cross Seminar: The 'New' Guestworker? Rethinking the Ethics of Temporary Labour Migration Programme This talk probes into the ethical landscape of contemporary TLMPs in liberal democratic states, and examines issues such as migrants' rights. Mimi Zou 10 Jun 2015
69 St Cross Seminar: The moral insignificance of self-consciousness In this talk, Dr Josh Shepherd examines the claim that self-consciousness is highly morally significant. Joshua Shepherd 10 Jun 2015
68 Brain Science and the Military In this talk I explain the nature of national security interest in the burgeoning field of neuroscience and its implications for military and counter-intelligence operations. Jonathan Moreno 17 Apr 2015
67 Creative Commons 2015 Leverhulme Lecture (3): Marshmallows and Moderation Is self-control a character trait or should we look to external props for self-control? Neil Levy 10 Mar 2015
66 Creative Commons 2015 Leverhulme Lecture (2): The Science of Self-Control This lecture outlines some of the main perspectives on self-control and its loss stemming from recent work in psychology. Neil Levy 09 Mar 2015
65 Creative Commons 2015 Leverhulme Lecture (1): Self-Control: A problem of self-management Self-control problems typically arise from conflicts between smaller sooner and larger later rewards. Neil Levy 04 Mar 2015
64 Creative Commons St Cross Seminar: On Swearing What, if anything, is wrong with swearing? And, what exactly are we doing when we try to swear inoffensively? Rebecca Roache 23 Feb 2015
63 Creative Commons St Cross Seminar: Mere Practicality? Infants, interests and the value of life Dr Richard Hain, Consultant in Paediatric Palliative Medicine, explores the difficulties in rationally explaining the value of an infant’s life. Richard Hain 04 Feb 2015
62 St Cross Seminar: Natural Human Rights: A Theory This talk explores the central argument in Boylan's recent book, 'Natural Human Rights: A Theory' Michael Boylan 03 Dec 2014
61 Bioethics and the Burden of Proof In this paper we critique a kind of argument very common in bioethical debates, in which a proponent provides a prima facie case for a particular conclusion, then claims that the burden of proof is on those that object to that conclusion. Michael Selgelid 14 Nov 2014
60 Implicit Moral Attitudes Research shows that implicit moral attitudes affect our thinking and behavior. This talk reports new psychological and neuroscientific research and explores potential implications for scientific moral psychology as well as for some philosophical theories. Walter Sinnott-Armstrong 14 Nov 2014
59 Creative Commons Special Seminar: The enhancement debate: trusting emotion or trusting reason - a false dichotomy? In this talk, Professor Tony Coady examines the contrast between reason and emotion and argues that much of the separation of reason and emotion that underpins the debate is misguided. Tony Coady 16 Jun 2014
58 Creative Commons St Cross Seminar: What counts as a placebo is relative to a target disorder and therapeutic theory: defending a modified version of Grünbaum’s scheme In this St Cross Special Ethics Seminar, Jeremy Howick defends Grünbaum’s work on placebos. He outlines a need to re-examine policies on ethics of placebos, and revise our estimations of their effects in both clinical practice and trials. Jeremy Howick 16 Jun 2014
57 Creative Commons St Cross Seminar: "I wouldn’t have consented if I’d known that could happen": Consenting without Understanding Tom Walker discusses autonomy and informed consent to medical treatment Tom Walker 19 May 2014
56 Creative Commons Uehiro Seminar: Is Networking Immoral? If networking is considered to be either cultivating non-merit-based favouritism or demonstrating one’s merit in advance of formal selection processes, then I argue that it is an attempt to gain illegitimate advantage over competitors and is thus immoral. Ned Dobos 05 Dec 2013
55 St Cross Seminar: Genetic parenthood, assisted reproduction, and the values of parental love I argue that the value of love in friendship illuminates issues about parental love and examine whether allowing same-sex couples access to adoption has any bearing on the moral status of prohibitions on same-sex couples using assisted reproduction. Justin Oakley 04 Dec 2013
54 Creative Commons 2013 Wellcome Lecture in Neuroethics: The Irresponsible Self: Self bias changes the way we see the world Humans show a bias to favour information related to themselves over information related to other people. How does this effect arise? Are self biases a stable trait of the individual? Do these biases change fundamental perceptual processes? Glyn Humphries 04 Dec 2013
53 Creative Commons Uehiro Seminar: Do antidepressants work and if so how? Antidepressants are commonplace yet there is much debate about their clinical efficacy. Are they merely placebos or do they have a clinical effect on the way our brains work? In this presentation, Professor Cowen investigates the evidence. Phil Cowen 04 Dec 2013
52 Uehiro Seminar: Cyborg justice: human enhancement and punishment We explore some possible interactions between enhancement technology and punishment, reflect on ethical issues that arise as a result, and consider what our justice system must do in order to ensure that it keeps pace with developments in technology. Rebecca Roache, Anders Sandberg, Hannah Maslen 19 Nov 2013
51 Uehiro Seminar: The struggle between liberties and authorities in the information age The talk discusses the balance between cyber security measures and individual rights - any fair and reasonable society should implement the former successfully while respecting and furthering the latter. Mariarosaria Taddeo 13 Nov 2013
50 Creative Commons St Cross Seminar: Neither God nor Nature. Could the doping sinner be an exemplar of human(ist) dignity? If doping were done in a healthy and fair way, would it be OK? If so, all wrongs would lie in doping abuses involving health risks, deceit and unfairness. I argue that perhaps the doping sinner best exemplifies human dignity and existential authenticity. Pieter Bonte 23 Oct 2013
49 Creative Commons Uehiro Seminar: Ethics and Expectations: Part II The trolley problem is a thought experiment in ethics. Outside traditional philosophical discussion, the trolley problem has been a significant feature in the fields of cognitive science and neuroethics. Seth Lazar 21 Oct 2013
48 Creative Commons Virtuous Climate Making? Towards a Virtue-Theoretic Approach to Geoengineering Geoengineering, as a response to climate change, raises serious ethical and socio-political issues. Drawing on the latest developments in philosophy and ethics of technology and science, I consider a post-humanist way of analysing such issues. Pak-Hang Wong 03 Jul 2013
47 Creative Commons The Ethics of Infant Male Circumcision In this talk, I argue that non-therapeutic circumcision of infants is unethical, whether performed for reasons of obtaining possible future health benefits, for reasons of cultural transmission, or for reasons of perceived religious obligation. Brian Earp 27 Jun 2013
46 Creative Commons TT13 Uehiro Seminar: Attention, Action, and Responsibility The speaker proposes a four-step account of action, within which only two of the four steps benefit from the subject's attention, revealing a potential disconnect between the subject of experience and the morally responsible agent. Carolyn Dicey Jennings 18 Jun 2013
45 Creative Commons Using Religion to Justify Violence Exploring different ways in which the metaphysics of religious world views can be used in justifications of violence, this talk concentrates on appeals to the importance of the afterlife to justify violence. Steve Clarke 18 Jun 2013
44 Creative Commons 2nd St Cross Seminar TT13: Ethics In Finance: A New Financial Theory For A Post-Financialized World The lecture describes why financial theory and teaching has ignored ethics, viewing moral values as irrelevant. We trace the reason for the neglect of ethics back to assumptions made by Modern Finance Theory, the en courant theory in finance. Dr Kara Tan Bhala 06 Jun 2013
43 Creative Commons Folk Psychology, the Reactive Attitudes and Responsibility In this talk we first argue that the reactive attitudes originate in very fast non-voluntary processes involving constant facial feedback. In the second part we examine the supposed constitutive relation between the reactive attitudes and responsibility. Jeanette Kennett 30 May 2013
42 Creative Commons Uehiro Seminar: The current laws on drugs and alcohol - ineffective, dishonest and unethical? Nutt argues that there are serious ethical implications for a simplistic prohibitionist approach to drugs and suggests alternative strategies that might be used. David Nutt 27 May 2013